The present report examines the main actions taken in the labor market whose effect can be described as "non-discriminatory hiring practices" and "affirmative action," with regard to three social groups whose status in the Israeli work force is especially vulnerable: Arab citizens of Israel, Ethiopian Israelis, and new immigrants from Bukhara and the Caucasus. The report distinguishes between two types of action: (1) direct actions, among them vocational training and micro-finance programs, employer incentives, legislation mandating fair representation, and quotas; and (2) policies that have an indirect anti- discrimination bearing, mainly development and infrastructure projects.